Unearth the revolutionary constitution of Sparta, a testament to its unique societal structure. Delve into the intricacies of this ancient civilization's legal framework, which defied norms and set a precedent in the annals of history.
The Spartan Revolution
There is no way of dating the Spartan revolution with certainty.
- Ancient sources agree, however, that following a period of unrest – possibly even a rebellion of some kind – new, revolutionary laws were introduced.
- These laws gave an Assembly of all citizens the final say in all matters, making Sparta the first – but by no means the most radical – democracy.
The Spartan constitution, commonly dated to the early 7th century BC, is the first known constitution that vested supreme power in the hands of an Assembly composed of all citizens
In addition to the Assembly of citizens, Sparta retained two kings, with largely ceremonial functions, just like the British monarchy today
- Sparta had a bicameral legislature, divided into the Assembly and the Council of Elders (Gerousia).
Sparta also had five elected ephors.
Ephors were executives responsible for carrying out the day-to-day business of running the city, including the receiving and sending of ambassadors
- Initially they appear to have been little more than clerks, but at the time of Chilon (mid-6th century) they acquired more power and prestige
- Acting together during any one period, they could have a significant impact on Spartan policy
The most radical feature of Sparta’s constitution was the introduction of land reform.
Although this event is lost in the mists of undated ancient history, all ancient historians agree that at some point in the late 8th or early 7th century BC, Spartan society underwent a severe crisis.
- A rebellion or civil war so threatened the continued existence of the city-state that the citizens were prepared to accept radical new laws – effectively, a new constitution.
- This constitution, reputedly developed by Lycurgus, not only gave power to an Assembly of all citizens but included a redistribution of the land.
